Duke University Press

Table 2

Ordinary least-squares regressions of poor housing (%) and illiteracy (%) on population pressure and other covariates

	Fourth-Class Houses (%)			Illiteracy (%)
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Population Pressure	0.415^**	0.122^**	0.194^**	0.503^**	0.281^**	0.272^**
	(0.051)	(0.036)	(0.041)	(0.073)	(0.043)	(0.026)
Longitude		−0.353^**	−0.094		0.078	−0.188
		(0.062)	(0.193)		(0.080)	(0.127)
Latitude		0.101^†	−0.216		0.278^**	−0.121
		(0.053)	(0.281)		(0.060)	(0.188)
Turnpike Distance		−0.050	−0.060		0.069	0.039
		(0.036)	(0.053)		(0.043)	(0.032)
Waterway Distance		0.138^**	0.048		−0.024	−0.082^**
		(0.039)	(0.031)		(0.045)	(0.027)
Town Distance		0.081^**	0.060^**		−0.014	0.018
		(0.028)	(0.022)		(0.021)	(0.017)
Agricultural Employment		0.006	0.051^†		0.146^**	0.157^**
		(0.032)	(0.030)		(0.055)	(0.037)
Roman Catholic		0.031	0.104^**		0.392^**	0.323^**
		(0.047)	(0.039)		(0.071)	(0.043)
Irish-Speaking		0.148^*	0.272^**		0.391^**	0.284^**
		(0.060)	(0.063)		(0.068)	(0.063)
Vested Means		−0.076^**	−0.078^**		−0.156^**	−0.163^**
		(0.028)	(0.028)		(0.032)	(0.034)
Sex Ratio		0.010	−0.012		−0.059^**	−0.052^**
		(0.019)	(0.018)		(0.019)	(0.020)
Nonrural Population Share		−0.091^**	−0.091^**		−0.101^*	−0.075^**
		(0.032)	(0.028)		(0.041)	(0.029)
PLU Fixed Effects	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes
Number of Observations	2,437	2,437	2,437	2,437	2,437	2,437
R²	.172	.442	.580	.253	.655	.782
Adjusted R²	.172	.439	.548	.253	.653	.765

	Fourth-Class Houses (%)			Illiteracy (%)
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Population Pressure	0.415^**	0.122^**	0.194^**	0.503^**	0.281^**	0.272^**
	(0.051)	(0.036)	(0.041)	(0.073)	(0.043)	(0.026)
Longitude		−0.353^**	−0.094		0.078	−0.188
		(0.062)	(0.193)		(0.080)	(0.127)
Latitude		0.101^†	−0.216		0.278^**	−0.121
		(0.053)	(0.281)		(0.060)	(0.188)
Turnpike Distance		−0.050	−0.060		0.069	0.039
		(0.036)	(0.053)		(0.043)	(0.032)
Waterway Distance		0.138^**	0.048		−0.024	−0.082^**
		(0.039)	(0.031)		(0.045)	(0.027)
Town Distance		0.081^**	0.060^**		−0.014	0.018
		(0.028)	(0.022)		(0.021)	(0.017)
Agricultural Employment		0.006	0.051^†		0.146^**	0.157^**
		(0.032)	(0.030)		(0.055)	(0.037)
Roman Catholic		0.031	0.104^**		0.392^**	0.323^**
		(0.047)	(0.039)		(0.071)	(0.043)
Irish-Speaking		0.148^*	0.272^**		0.391^**	0.284^**
		(0.060)	(0.063)		(0.068)	(0.063)
Vested Means		−0.076^**	−0.078^**		−0.156^**	−0.163^**
		(0.028)	(0.028)		(0.032)	(0.034)
Sex Ratio		0.010	−0.012		−0.059^**	−0.052^**
		(0.019)	(0.018)		(0.019)	(0.020)
Nonrural Population Share		−0.091^**	−0.091^**		−0.101^*	−0.075^**
		(0.032)	(0.028)		(0.041)	(0.029)
PLU Fixed Effects	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes
Number of Observations	2,437	2,437	2,437	2,437	2,437	2,437
R²	.172	.442	.580	.253	.655	.782
Adjusted R²	.172	.439	.548	.253	.653	.765

Notes: Columns 1–3 and 4–6 regress the fourth-class housing and illiteracy variables on the indicated covariates. Dependent variables and all covariates are expressed in terms of z scores (a one-unit change represents a one-standard-deviation change). The variables representing population pressure and road, waterway, and town distances were log-transformed (to remove skewness) before the z-score transformation. Conley standard errors allowing for spatial correlation within a 25-km radius are shown in parentheses. PLU = Poor Law Union.

^†

p < .10; ^*p < .05; ^**p < .01

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