. | Concentrated Disadvantage . | Proportion Black . | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
. | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | Model 4 . | Model 5 . | Model 6 . | Model 7 . | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | Model 4 . | Model 5 . | Model 6 . | Model 7 . |
A. Nonhome Concentrated Disadvantage and Proportion Black | ||||||||||||||
Moved in Past Two Years | 0.091 | 0.079 | 0.160 | 0.079 | 0.164† | −0.015 | 0.097 | 0.036* | 0.035* | 0.045* | 0.034* | 0.046* | 0.015 | 0.041 |
(0.066) | (0.075) | (0.098) | (0.075) | (0.098) | (0.097) | (0.132) | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.018) | (0.014) | (0.018) | (0.019) | (0.028) | |
Age | −0.004 | −0.003 | −0.017 | 0.013 | 0.001 | −0.004 | −0.017 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.002 |
(0.013) | (0.013) | (0.015) | (0.016) | (0.021) | (0.013) | (0.015) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.003) | (0.003) | |
Male | −0.095* | −0.068 | −0.119 | −0.081† | −0.158** | −0.082† | −0.158** | −0.017† | −0.005 | −0.015 | −0.017† | −0.033** | −0.017† | −0.033* |
(0.044) | (0.057) | (0.080) | (0.045) | (0.057) | (0.045) | (0.057) | (0.010) | (0.012) | (0.016) | (0.009) | (0.012) | (0.009) | (0.013) | |
Respondent Black (vs. White) | 0.176* | 0.179* | 0.132 | 0.656† | 0.609 | 0.140† | 0.074 | 0.089*** | 0.101*** | 0.109*** | 0.202** | 0.205† | 0.084*** | 0.090*** |
(0.069) | (0.078) | (0.102) | (0.365) | (0.513) | (0.073) | (0.094) | (0.015) | (0.018) | (0.019) | (0.077) | (0.114) | (0.017) | (0.019) | |
Interaction Terms | ||||||||||||||
Black × tract disadvantage | −0.119† | −0.001 | ||||||||||||
(0.067) | (0.014) | |||||||||||||
Black × male | −0.027 | −0.080 | −0.023 | −0.036 | ||||||||||
(0.086) | (0.115) | (0.018) | (0.023) | |||||||||||
Black × age | −0.034 | −0.036 | −0.008 | −0.008 | ||||||||||
(0.025) | (0.035) | (0.005) | (0.008) | |||||||||||
Black × moved | 0.147 | 0.104 | 0.030 | 0.007 | ||||||||||
(0.131) | (0.170) | (0.026) | (0.036) | |||||||||||
Constant | 0.177 | 0.282 | 0.174 | 0.054 | −0.028 | 0.320 | 0.222 | 0.089 | 0.074 | 0.305* | 0.028 | 0.268† | 0.088 | 0.322* |
(0.408) | (0.446) | (0.750) | (0.482) | (0.763) | (0.440) | (0.736) | (0.087) | (0.086) | (0.138) | (0.089) | (0.144) | (0.085) | (0.135) | |
Control Variables | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Fixed Effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
N: Neighborhood Level | 178 | 178 | 89 | 178 | 89 | 178 | 89 | 178 | 178 | 89 | 178 | 89 | 178 | 89 |
N: Individual Level | 1,180 | 1,180 | 674 | 1,180 | 674 | 1,180 | 674 | 1,180 | 1,180 | 674 | 1,180 | 674 | 1,180 | 674 |
Collective Efficacy | ln(violent crime) | |||||||||||||
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | |
B. Nonhome Collective Efficacy and ln(violent crime) | ||||||||||||||
Moved in Past Two Years | −0.052 | −0.045 | −0.070 | −0.045 | −0.070 | 0.079 | −0.119 | 0.012 | 0.002 | 0.034 | 0.002 | 0.032 | 0.070 | 0.201 |
(0.059) | (0.059) | (0.078) | (0.058) | (0.078) | (0.097) | (0.124) | (0.065) | (0.072) | (0.097) | (0.072) | (0.098) | (0.129) | (0.185) | |
Age | −0.009 | −0.010 | −0.010 | −0.030* | −0.004 | −0.009 | −0.011 | 0.034** | 0.033** | 0.014 | 0.041* | 0.017 | 0.034** | 0.015 |
(0.011) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.015) | (0.017) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.015) | (0.017) | (0.021) | (0.012) | (0.015) | |
Male | 0.114** | 0.090 | 0.079 | 0.127** | 0.125* | 0.128** | 0.125* | −0.034 | −0.042 | −0.088 | −0.029 | −0.013 | −0.029 | −0.017 |
(0.040) | (0.061) | (0.089) | (0.040) | (0.057) | (0.041) | (0.057) | (0.044) | (0.071) | (0.092) | (0.049) | (0.062) | (0.049) | (0.062) | |
Respondent Black (vs. White) | −0.273*** | −0.323*** | −0.272** | −0.899** | −0.050 | −0.252*** | −0.242** | 0.238*** | 0.237** | 0.099 | 0.486 | 0.262 | 0.267*** | 0.221* |
(0.060) | (0.076) | (0.093) | (0.312) | (0.395) | (0.068) | (0.080) | (0.066) | (0.074) | (0.089) | (0.295) | (0.396) | (0.065) | (0.085) | |
Interaction Terms | ||||||||||||||
Black × tract disadvantage | 0.053 | −0.034 | ||||||||||||
(0.062) | (0.069) | |||||||||||||
Black × male | 0.077 | 0.089 | 0.025 | 0.148 | ||||||||||
(0.080) | (0.115) | (0.087) | (0.104) | |||||||||||
Black × age | 0.043* | −0.013 | −0.017 | −0.006 | ||||||||||
(0.021) | (0.027) | (0.021) | (0.028) | |||||||||||
Black × moved | −0.194 | 0.078 | −0.106 | −0.276 | ||||||||||
(0.121) | (0.154) | (0.147) | (0.203) | |||||||||||
Constant | −0.133 | −0.360 | 0.303 | −0.092 | 0.180 | −0.426 | 0.272 | −0.534 | −0.512 | 1.226 | −0.638 | 1.117 | −0.541 | 1.126 |
(0.371) | (0.404) | (0.658) | (0.430) | (0.671) | (0.403) | (0.652) | (0.407) | (0.454) | (0.896) | (0.470) | (0.930) | (0.450) | (0.878) | |
Control Variables | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Fixed Effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
N: Neighborhood Level | 178 | 178 | 89 | 178 | 89 | 178 | 89 | 178 | 178 | 89 | 178 | 89 | 178 | 89 |
N: Individual Level | 1,180 | 1,180 | 674 | 1,180 | 674 | 1,180 | 674 | 1,180 | 1,180 | 674 | 1,180 | 674 | 1,180 | 674 |
. | Concentrated Disadvantage . | Proportion Black . | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
. | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | Model 4 . | Model 5 . | Model 6 . | Model 7 . | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | Model 4 . | Model 5 . | Model 6 . | Model 7 . |
A. Nonhome Concentrated Disadvantage and Proportion Black | ||||||||||||||
Moved in Past Two Years | 0.091 | 0.079 | 0.160 | 0.079 | 0.164† | −0.015 | 0.097 | 0.036* | 0.035* | 0.045* | 0.034* | 0.046* | 0.015 | 0.041 |
(0.066) | (0.075) | (0.098) | (0.075) | (0.098) | (0.097) | (0.132) | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.018) | (0.014) | (0.018) | (0.019) | (0.028) | |
Age | −0.004 | −0.003 | −0.017 | 0.013 | 0.001 | −0.004 | −0.017 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.002 |
(0.013) | (0.013) | (0.015) | (0.016) | (0.021) | (0.013) | (0.015) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.003) | (0.003) | |
Male | −0.095* | −0.068 | −0.119 | −0.081† | −0.158** | −0.082† | −0.158** | −0.017† | −0.005 | −0.015 | −0.017† | −0.033** | −0.017† | −0.033* |
(0.044) | (0.057) | (0.080) | (0.045) | (0.057) | (0.045) | (0.057) | (0.010) | (0.012) | (0.016) | (0.009) | (0.012) | (0.009) | (0.013) | |
Respondent Black (vs. White) | 0.176* | 0.179* | 0.132 | 0.656† | 0.609 | 0.140† | 0.074 | 0.089*** | 0.101*** | 0.109*** | 0.202** | 0.205† | 0.084*** | 0.090*** |
(0.069) | (0.078) | (0.102) | (0.365) | (0.513) | (0.073) | (0.094) | (0.015) | (0.018) | (0.019) | (0.077) | (0.114) | (0.017) | (0.019) | |
Interaction Terms | ||||||||||||||
Black × tract disadvantage | −0.119† | −0.001 | ||||||||||||
(0.067) | (0.014) | |||||||||||||
Black × male | −0.027 | −0.080 | −0.023 | −0.036 | ||||||||||
(0.086) | (0.115) | (0.018) | (0.023) | |||||||||||
Black × age | −0.034 | −0.036 | −0.008 | −0.008 | ||||||||||
(0.025) | (0.035) | (0.005) | (0.008) | |||||||||||
Black × moved | 0.147 | 0.104 | 0.030 | 0.007 | ||||||||||
(0.131) | (0.170) | (0.026) | (0.036) | |||||||||||
Constant | 0.177 | 0.282 | 0.174 | 0.054 | −0.028 | 0.320 | 0.222 | 0.089 | 0.074 | 0.305* | 0.028 | 0.268† | 0.088 | 0.322* |
(0.408) | (0.446) | (0.750) | (0.482) | (0.763) | (0.440) | (0.736) | (0.087) | (0.086) | (0.138) | (0.089) | (0.144) | (0.085) | (0.135) | |
Control Variables | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Fixed Effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
N: Neighborhood Level | 178 | 178 | 89 | 178 | 89 | 178 | 89 | 178 | 178 | 89 | 178 | 89 | 178 | 89 |
N: Individual Level | 1,180 | 1,180 | 674 | 1,180 | 674 | 1,180 | 674 | 1,180 | 1,180 | 674 | 1,180 | 674 | 1,180 | 674 |
Collective Efficacy | ln(violent crime) | |||||||||||||
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | |
B. Nonhome Collective Efficacy and ln(violent crime) | ||||||||||||||
Moved in Past Two Years | −0.052 | −0.045 | −0.070 | −0.045 | −0.070 | 0.079 | −0.119 | 0.012 | 0.002 | 0.034 | 0.002 | 0.032 | 0.070 | 0.201 |
(0.059) | (0.059) | (0.078) | (0.058) | (0.078) | (0.097) | (0.124) | (0.065) | (0.072) | (0.097) | (0.072) | (0.098) | (0.129) | (0.185) | |
Age | −0.009 | −0.010 | −0.010 | −0.030* | −0.004 | −0.009 | −0.011 | 0.034** | 0.033** | 0.014 | 0.041* | 0.017 | 0.034** | 0.015 |
(0.011) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.015) | (0.017) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.015) | (0.017) | (0.021) | (0.012) | (0.015) | |
Male | 0.114** | 0.090 | 0.079 | 0.127** | 0.125* | 0.128** | 0.125* | −0.034 | −0.042 | −0.088 | −0.029 | −0.013 | −0.029 | −0.017 |
(0.040) | (0.061) | (0.089) | (0.040) | (0.057) | (0.041) | (0.057) | (0.044) | (0.071) | (0.092) | (0.049) | (0.062) | (0.049) | (0.062) | |
Respondent Black (vs. White) | −0.273*** | −0.323*** | −0.272** | −0.899** | −0.050 | −0.252*** | −0.242** | 0.238*** | 0.237** | 0.099 | 0.486 | 0.262 | 0.267*** | 0.221* |
(0.060) | (0.076) | (0.093) | (0.312) | (0.395) | (0.068) | (0.080) | (0.066) | (0.074) | (0.089) | (0.295) | (0.396) | (0.065) | (0.085) | |
Interaction Terms | ||||||||||||||
Black × tract disadvantage | 0.053 | −0.034 | ||||||||||||
(0.062) | (0.069) | |||||||||||||
Black × male | 0.077 | 0.089 | 0.025 | 0.148 | ||||||||||
(0.080) | (0.115) | (0.087) | (0.104) | |||||||||||
Black × age | 0.043* | −0.013 | −0.017 | −0.006 | ||||||||||
(0.021) | (0.027) | (0.021) | (0.028) | |||||||||||
Black × moved | −0.194 | 0.078 | −0.106 | −0.276 | ||||||||||
(0.121) | (0.154) | (0.147) | (0.203) | |||||||||||
Constant | −0.133 | −0.360 | 0.303 | −0.092 | 0.180 | −0.426 | 0.272 | −0.534 | −0.512 | 1.226 | −0.638 | 1.117 | −0.541 | 1.126 |
(0.371) | (0.404) | (0.658) | (0.430) | (0.671) | (0.403) | (0.652) | (0.407) | (0.454) | (0.896) | (0.470) | (0.930) | (0.450) | (0.878) | |
Control Variables | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Fixed Effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
N: Neighborhood Level | 178 | 178 | 89 | 178 | 89 | 178 | 89 | 178 | 178 | 89 | 178 | 89 | 178 | 89 |
N: Individual Level | 1,180 | 1,180 | 674 | 1,180 | 674 | 1,180 | 674 | 1,180 | 1,180 | 674 | 1,180 | 674 | 1,180 | 674 |
Notes: Models including an interaction for Black × tract disadvantage are two-level linear multilevel models clustering on census tracts, and include a random slope term for Black (vs. White) respondent. All other models are single-level linear regression models with cluster robust standard errors. The following variables are z-score-standardized: tract concentrated disadvantage, tract collective efficacy, nonhome collective efficacy, and nonhome concentrated disadvantage. See the online appendix for full tables.
p < .10; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001 (two-tailed tests)