Leave types used by subgroups 12 months post-birth
| . | Grade . | Experience . | Marital Status . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Enlisted . | Officer . | New . | Not New . | Single . | Married . |
| A. Maternity Leave | ||||||
| Unexpected +12 weeks | 8.56*** | 5.66*** | 8.54*** | 7.85*** | 8.84*** | 8.14*** |
| (0.33) | (1.10) | (0.36) | (0.64) | (0.63) | (0.37) | |
| Expected +12 weeks | 11.20*** | 9.96*** | 11.25*** | 10.71*** | 11.25*** | 11.03*** |
| (0.12) | (0.38) | (0.13) | (0.22) | (0.22) | (0.13) | |
| Expected +6 weeks | 6.09*** | 5.69*** | 6.03*** | 6.22*** | 6.04*** | 6.06*** |
| (0.13) | (0.62) | (0.15) | (0.27) | (0.21) | (0.16) | |
| Number of observations | 2,214 | 210 | 1,778 | 646 | 610 | 1,814 |
| p(diff., unexpected) | .006 | .329 | .330 | |||
| p(diff., expected +12 weeks) | .000 | .034 | .359 | |||
| p(diff., expected +6 weeks) | .457 | .587 | .905 | |||
| B. Chargeable Leave | ||||||
| Birth | 0.57*** | 0.38 | 0.68*** | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.74*** |
| (0.09) | (0.27) | (0.09) | (0.16) | (0.14) | (0.11) | |
| Birth × Unexpected +12 weeks | −1.86*** | −0.94 | −1.74*** | −2.14*** | −1.74*** | −2.16*** |
| (0.18) | (0.64) | (0.20) | (0.36) | (0.32) | (0.028) | |
| Birth × Expected +12 weeks | −1.69*** | −2.10*** | −1.73*** | −1.82*** | −1.37*** | −2.06*** |
| (0.12) | (0.34) | (0.12) | (0.22) | (0.19) | (0.17) | |
| Birth × Expected +6 weeks | −0.53*** | −0.05 | −0.59*** | −0.30 | −0.22 | −0.65* |
| (0.15) | (0.54) | (0.16) | (0.32) | (0.26) | (0.25) | |
| Number of observations | 11,943 | 1,138 | 9,904 | 3,177 | 3,625 | 8,578 |
| Comparison mean | 3.129 | 3.745 | 3.093 | 3.479 | 3.154 | 3.192 |
| p(diff., birth) | .452 | .067 | .002 | |||
| p(diff., birth × unexpected) | .139 | .502 | .246 | |||
| p(diff., birth × expected +12 weeks) | .265 | .834 | .003 | |||
| p(diff., birth × expected +6 weeks) | .346 | .330 | .156 | |||
| C. Pregnancy Leave | ||||||
| Birth | −0.04 | −0.39*** | −0.01 | −0.18*** | −0.12** | −0.04 |
| (0.03) | (0.09) | (0.03) | (0.05) | (0.04) | (0.03) | |
| Birth × 18 weeks announced | 0.02 | 0.04 | −0.06 | 0.20 | 0.10 | −0.01 |
| (0.06) | (0.16) | (0.06) | (0.12) | (0.10) | (0.06) | |
| Birth × 12 weeks announced | −0.05 | 0.09 | −0.06 | −0.03 | 0.06 | −0.08 |
| (0.05) | (0.15) | (0.05) | (0.09) | (0.08) | (0.05) | |
| Number of observations | 19,856 | 1,591 | 16,543 | 4,904 | 6,355 | 15,095 |
| Comparison mean | 0.902 | 1.194 | 0.911 | 0.969 | 0.896 | 0.934 |
| p(diff., birth) | .000 | .014 | .044 | |||
| p(diff., birth × 18 weeks) | .886 | .046 | .240 | |||
| p(diff., birth × 12 weeks) | .334 | .648 | .084 | |||
| . | Grade . | Experience . | Marital Status . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Enlisted . | Officer . | New . | Not New . | Single . | Married . |
| A. Maternity Leave | ||||||
| Unexpected +12 weeks | 8.56*** | 5.66*** | 8.54*** | 7.85*** | 8.84*** | 8.14*** |
| (0.33) | (1.10) | (0.36) | (0.64) | (0.63) | (0.37) | |
| Expected +12 weeks | 11.20*** | 9.96*** | 11.25*** | 10.71*** | 11.25*** | 11.03*** |
| (0.12) | (0.38) | (0.13) | (0.22) | (0.22) | (0.13) | |
| Expected +6 weeks | 6.09*** | 5.69*** | 6.03*** | 6.22*** | 6.04*** | 6.06*** |
| (0.13) | (0.62) | (0.15) | (0.27) | (0.21) | (0.16) | |
| Number of observations | 2,214 | 210 | 1,778 | 646 | 610 | 1,814 |
| p(diff., unexpected) | .006 | .329 | .330 | |||
| p(diff., expected +12 weeks) | .000 | .034 | .359 | |||
| p(diff., expected +6 weeks) | .457 | .587 | .905 | |||
| B. Chargeable Leave | ||||||
| Birth | 0.57*** | 0.38 | 0.68*** | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.74*** |
| (0.09) | (0.27) | (0.09) | (0.16) | (0.14) | (0.11) | |
| Birth × Unexpected +12 weeks | −1.86*** | −0.94 | −1.74*** | −2.14*** | −1.74*** | −2.16*** |
| (0.18) | (0.64) | (0.20) | (0.36) | (0.32) | (0.028) | |
| Birth × Expected +12 weeks | −1.69*** | −2.10*** | −1.73*** | −1.82*** | −1.37*** | −2.06*** |
| (0.12) | (0.34) | (0.12) | (0.22) | (0.19) | (0.17) | |
| Birth × Expected +6 weeks | −0.53*** | −0.05 | −0.59*** | −0.30 | −0.22 | −0.65* |
| (0.15) | (0.54) | (0.16) | (0.32) | (0.26) | (0.25) | |
| Number of observations | 11,943 | 1,138 | 9,904 | 3,177 | 3,625 | 8,578 |
| Comparison mean | 3.129 | 3.745 | 3.093 | 3.479 | 3.154 | 3.192 |
| p(diff., birth) | .452 | .067 | .002 | |||
| p(diff., birth × unexpected) | .139 | .502 | .246 | |||
| p(diff., birth × expected +12 weeks) | .265 | .834 | .003 | |||
| p(diff., birth × expected +6 weeks) | .346 | .330 | .156 | |||
| C. Pregnancy Leave | ||||||
| Birth | −0.04 | −0.39*** | −0.01 | −0.18*** | −0.12** | −0.04 |
| (0.03) | (0.09) | (0.03) | (0.05) | (0.04) | (0.03) | |
| Birth × 18 weeks announced | 0.02 | 0.04 | −0.06 | 0.20 | 0.10 | −0.01 |
| (0.06) | (0.16) | (0.06) | (0.12) | (0.10) | (0.06) | |
| Birth × 12 weeks announced | −0.05 | 0.09 | −0.06 | −0.03 | 0.06 | −0.08 |
| (0.05) | (0.15) | (0.05) | (0.09) | (0.08) | (0.05) | |
| Number of observations | 19,856 | 1,591 | 16,543 | 4,904 | 6,355 | 15,095 |
| Comparison mean | 0.902 | 1.194 | 0.911 | 0.969 | 0.896 | 0.934 |
| p(diff., birth) | .000 | .014 | .044 | |||
| p(diff., birth × 18 weeks) | .886 | .046 | .240 | |||
| p(diff., birth × 12 weeks) | .334 | .648 | .084 | |||
Notes: Robust standard errors clustered by the individual are shown in parentheses. For each regression, the treated and reference groups are limited to the category indicated by the column header. For panel A, the first-differences reference group is mothers who gave birth under the 6-week policy. For panels B and C, the difference-in-differences reference group is the matched controls to females.
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001