Chargeable and total leave used 12 months post-birth
| . | Mothers . | Females . | Matched Comparators . | Bounding . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | Lower (5) . | Upper (6) . |
| A. Chargeable Leave | ||||||
| Birth | ref. | 1.052*** | 0.456*** | 0.566*** | 0.429*** | |
| (0.068) | (0.074) | (0.082) | (0.077) | |||
| Birth × Unexpected +12 weeks | −0.369* | −1.338*** | −1.749*** | −1.777*** | −1.628*** | |
| (0.169) | (0.156) | (0.169) | (0.179) | (0.169) | ||
| Birth × Expected +12 weeks | −0.594*** | −1.866*** | −1.667*** | −1.731*** | −1.580*** | |
| (0.093) | (0.091) | (0.098) | (0.110) | (0.104) | ||
| Birth × Expected +6 weeks | 0.705*** | −0.791*** | −0.436*** | −0.497*** | −0.368** | |
| (0.126) | (0.121) | (0.131) | (0.143) | (0.127) | ||
| R2 | .104 | .243 | .147 | .170 | .177 | |
| Control mean | 3.073 | 2.477 | 3.303 | 3.183 | 3.125 | |
| p(birth + unexpected) = 0 | .044 | .000 | .000 | .000 | ||
| p(birth + expected 12) = 0 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | ||
| p(birth + expected 6) = 0 | .010 | .861 | .556 | .548 | ||
| B. Total Leave | ||||||
| Birth | ref. | 6.961*** | 6.451*** | 6.499*** | 6.352*** | 6.351*** |
| (0.078) | (0.084) | (0.093) | (0.087) | (0.087) | ||
| Birth × Unexpected +12 weeks | 8.017*** | 6.790*** | 6.434*** | 6.297*** | 6.541*** | 6.633*** |
| (0.370) | (0.355) | (0.360) | (0.376) | (0.359) | (0.353) | |
| Birth × Expected +12 weeks | 10.513*** | 8.626*** | 9.098*** | 8.814*** | 8.161*** | 9.100*** |
| (0.147) | (0.144) | (0.148) | (0.173) | (0.180) | (0.156) | |
| Birth × Expected +6 weeks | 6.798*** | 4.716** | 5.324*** | 5.084*** | 4.105*** | 5.264*** |
| (0.183) | (0.177) | (0.184) | (0.201) | (0.201) | (0.170) | |
| R2 | .711 | .281 | .852 | .846 | .805 | .853 |
| Control mean | 2.877 | 3.567 | 3.643 | 3.573 | 3.573 | |
| p(birth + unexpected) = 0 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | |
| p(birth + expected 12) = 0 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | |
| p(birth + expected 6) = 0 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | |
| Match Gender | Male | Female | Female | Female | ||
| Month Fixed Effects | X | |||||
| Month-Year Fixed Effects | X | X | X | X | X | |
| Rank Group Fixed Effects | X | X | X | X | X | X |
| Location Fixed Effects | X | X | X | X | X | X |
| Job Type Fixed Effects | X | X | X | X | X | X |
| Number of Observations | 2,424 | 765,687 | 14,454 | 13,081 | 15,705 | 15,705 |
| Number of Individuals | 2,235 | 29,668 | 12,219 | 6,032 | 6,983 | 6,983 |
| . | Mothers . | Females . | Matched Comparators . | Bounding . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | Lower (5) . | Upper (6) . |
| A. Chargeable Leave | ||||||
| Birth | ref. | 1.052*** | 0.456*** | 0.566*** | 0.429*** | |
| (0.068) | (0.074) | (0.082) | (0.077) | |||
| Birth × Unexpected +12 weeks | −0.369* | −1.338*** | −1.749*** | −1.777*** | −1.628*** | |
| (0.169) | (0.156) | (0.169) | (0.179) | (0.169) | ||
| Birth × Expected +12 weeks | −0.594*** | −1.866*** | −1.667*** | −1.731*** | −1.580*** | |
| (0.093) | (0.091) | (0.098) | (0.110) | (0.104) | ||
| Birth × Expected +6 weeks | 0.705*** | −0.791*** | −0.436*** | −0.497*** | −0.368** | |
| (0.126) | (0.121) | (0.131) | (0.143) | (0.127) | ||
| R2 | .104 | .243 | .147 | .170 | .177 | |
| Control mean | 3.073 | 2.477 | 3.303 | 3.183 | 3.125 | |
| p(birth + unexpected) = 0 | .044 | .000 | .000 | .000 | ||
| p(birth + expected 12) = 0 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | ||
| p(birth + expected 6) = 0 | .010 | .861 | .556 | .548 | ||
| B. Total Leave | ||||||
| Birth | ref. | 6.961*** | 6.451*** | 6.499*** | 6.352*** | 6.351*** |
| (0.078) | (0.084) | (0.093) | (0.087) | (0.087) | ||
| Birth × Unexpected +12 weeks | 8.017*** | 6.790*** | 6.434*** | 6.297*** | 6.541*** | 6.633*** |
| (0.370) | (0.355) | (0.360) | (0.376) | (0.359) | (0.353) | |
| Birth × Expected +12 weeks | 10.513*** | 8.626*** | 9.098*** | 8.814*** | 8.161*** | 9.100*** |
| (0.147) | (0.144) | (0.148) | (0.173) | (0.180) | (0.156) | |
| Birth × Expected +6 weeks | 6.798*** | 4.716** | 5.324*** | 5.084*** | 4.105*** | 5.264*** |
| (0.183) | (0.177) | (0.184) | (0.201) | (0.201) | (0.170) | |
| R2 | .711 | .281 | .852 | .846 | .805 | .853 |
| Control mean | 2.877 | 3.567 | 3.643 | 3.573 | 3.573 | |
| p(birth + unexpected) = 0 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | |
| p(birth + expected 12) = 0 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | |
| p(birth + expected 6) = 0 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | |
| Match Gender | Male | Female | Female | Female | ||
| Month Fixed Effects | X | |||||
| Month-Year Fixed Effects | X | X | X | X | X | |
| Rank Group Fixed Effects | X | X | X | X | X | X |
| Location Fixed Effects | X | X | X | X | X | X |
| Job Type Fixed Effects | X | X | X | X | X | X |
| Number of Observations | 2,424 | 765,687 | 14,454 | 13,081 | 15,705 | 15,705 |
| Number of Individuals | 2,235 | 29,668 | 12,219 | 6,032 | 6,983 | 6,983 |
Notes: Robust standard errors clustered by the individual are shown in parentheses. The reference group is female Marines who gave birth during the 6-week maternity leave policy period and received 6 weeks of maternity leave for model 1; females with no birth events for model 2; the matched group of males with no observed birth events for model 3; the matched group of females with no observed birth events for model 4; and the matched group of females with no observed birth events with imputation for maternity leave for models 5 and 6. Chargeable leave is not imputed and is therefore the same for lower/upper bounding.
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001